When Immune Tolerance Fails: From Mechanisms to Clinical Phenotypes

Günnur Deniz

Immune tolerance preserves the balance between an effective immune response and the protection of healthy tissues. Its failure can lead to autoreactive responses and a wide range of autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases. Despite their diverse clinical presentations, these disorders often share common features, including impaired regulatory mechanisms, altered immune checkpoints, (...)

Review Article

Immune Dysregulation: Mechanisms of Tolerance Failure, Clinical Spectrum, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies

Maryam Aladodo

and others

Immunology occupies a unique position among the biomedical sciences: it is simultaneously the study of protection and the study of destruction. The very mechanisms that defend the host against an almost infinite variety of microbial threats -pathogen recognition, lymphocyte activation, antibody production, inflammatory cascades- can, under circumstances that are still incompletely understood, turn against the self (...)

Original Research

Maternal Gut Dysbiosis Exacerbates Offspring Susceptibility to Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice

Fatmanur Dündar

and others

The critical role of the gut microbiota in organismal homeostasis and immune system development is increasingly being understood through numerous studies.

Association Between Vitamin D Status, Regulatory T Cells, and Disease Severity in Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Wisnu Barlianto

and others

Contrary to its name, vitamin D is not a vitamin, but a steroid hormone. Vitamins act as antioxidants or cofactors in enzymatic reactions and are primarily obtained through the diet. In contrast, vitamin D is produced by activating (...)

Immune-Biochemical Stratification Identifies the Pure Primary Biliary Cholangitis Phenotype in AMA-Positive Individuals

Emrah Salman and Sibel Gökay

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic immune-mediated cholestatic liver disease marked by progressive destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts, potentially leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis if left (...)

Association of CTLA-4 Gene Polymorphisms and Serum Soluble CTLA-4 Levels with Psoriasis Vulgaris

Nanees H. Kamel

and others

Psoriasis is a long-term, immunologically driven inflammatory cutaneous disorder characterized by recurrent flare-ups, scaling, and erythema. The estimated worldwide prevalence of psoriasis is around 3%–4%, with psoriasis vulgaris (Pv) representing the most common clinical subtype. According to (...)

Anti-ADAMTSL5 and Anti-K17 Autoantibodies in Psoriasis: Diagnostic Performance and Associations with Systemic Inflammation

Dina A. M. Al-Faidhi and Rojan G.M. Al-Allaff

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease that can be challenging to distinguish from clinically similar dermatoses. Early-stage psoriasis may be confused with atopic dermatitis, nummular eczema, and pityriasis rosea. This diagnostic uncertainty can lead to a delay in diagnosis, which is important because timely treatment may help reduce the risk of systemic comorbidities, including psoriatic arthritis and metabolic (...)